Dummy pronoun
A dummy pronoun, also known as an expletive pronoun, is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent.[1] As such, it is an example of exophora.
Dummy pronouns are used in many languages across language families. Dummy pronouns can be found in Germanic languages such as German and English[2], Celtic languages, such as Welsh[3] and Irish[4], and Volta-Niger languages, such as Ewe[5] and Esan[6].
Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns.[7]
A dummy pronoun is used when a particular verb argument (or preposition) is nonexistent, but when a reference to the argument (a pronoun) is nevertheless syntactically required. This is commonly the case if the verb is an impersonal verb, but it could also be that the argument is unknown, irrelevant, already understood, or otherwise taboo (as in naming taboo). For example, in the phrase "It is obvious that the violence will continue", the term 'it' is a dummy pronoun, not referring to any agent. Unlike a regular pronoun of English, it cannot be replaced by any noun phrase.[8]
The term 'dummy pronoun' refers to the function of a word in a particular sentence, not a property of individual words. For example, 'it' in the example from the previous paragraph is a dummy pronoun, but 'it' in the sentence "I bought a sandwich and ate it" is a referential pronoun (referring to the sandwich).
Dummy subjects
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
Weather it
[edit]In the phrase "it is raining—", the verb to rain is usually considered semantically impersonal, even though it appears as syntactically intransitive; in this view, the required it in "it is raining" is to be considered a dummy word corresponding to precipitation in the form of liquid water.
Other views
[edit]However, there have been a few objections to this interpretation. Noam Chomsky has argued that the it employed as the subject of English weather verbs can control the subject of an adjunct clause, just like a "normal" subject.[9] For example, compare:
- She brushes her teeth before having a bath.
- → She brushes her teeth before she has a bath.
- It sometimes rains after snowing.
- → It sometimes rains after it snows.
If this analysis is accepted, then the "weather it" is to be considered a "quasi-(verb) argument" and not a dummy word.
Some linguists such as D. L. Bolinger go even further, claiming that the "weather it" simply refers to a general state of affairs in the context of the utterance.[10] In this case, it would not be a dummy word at all. Possible evidence for this claim includes exchanges such as:
- "Was it nice (out) yesterday?"
- "No, it rained."
where it is implied to mean "the local weather".
Raising verbs
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Other examples of semantically empty it are found with raising verbs in "unraised" counterparts. For example:
- It seems that John loves coffee. (Corresponding "raised" sentence: John seems to love coffee.)
Extraposition
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Dummy it can also be found in extraposition constructions in English, such as the following:
- It was known to all the class [that the boy failed his test].
Dummy objects
[edit]In English, dummy object pronouns tend to serve an ad hoc function, applying with less regularity than dummy subjects. Dummy objects are sometimes used to transform transitive verbs to a transitive light verb form[11]: e.g., do → do it, "to engage in sexual intercourse"; make → make it, "to achieve success"; get → get it, "to comprehend". Prepositional objects are similar: e.g., with it, "up to date"; out of it, "dazed" or "not thinking". All of these phrases, of course, can also be taken literally. For instance:
- He ordered a cheeseburger, and even though it took them a while to make it, he did get some French fries with it.
Dummy predicates
[edit]It has been proposed[by whom?] that elements like expletive there in existential sentences and pro-forms in inverse copular sentences play the role of dummy predicate rather than dummy subject, so that the postverbal noun phrase would rather be the embedded subject of the sentence.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matthews, Peter Hugo (2003). The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Bennis, Hans (2005). Gaps and Dummies. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053568590.
- ^ King, Gareth (1993). Modern Welsh: a comprehensive grammar. London ; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09269-8.
- ^ Legate, Julie Anne (1 January 1996). "Non-verbal predication in Irish: A reanalysis". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. 15. ISSN 1718-3510.
- ^ Hyman, Larry M.; Comrie, Bernard (1981). "Logophoric Reference in Gokana". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1). doi:10.1515/jall.1981.3.1.19.
- ^ Rolle, Nicholas (23 April 2023). "On the syntactic distribution and morphological form of resumptive pronouns in Esan". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. ISSN 1718-3510.
- ^ Pountain, Christopher (31 March 2020). "Copulas in the Romance Languages". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.641.
- ^ Seppänen, Aimo (1 November 2002). "On Analysing the Pronoun IT". English Studies. 83 (5): 442–462. doi:10.1076/enst.83.5.442.8682.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (14 December 2010). Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-088416-6.
- ^ Bolinger, Dwight (1983). Meaning and form (3. impr ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 9780582551039.
- ^ ""Dummy Pronouns" in English Grammar". Langeek.
- Everaert, M. - van Riemsdijk, H - Goedemans, R. (eds) 2006 The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I-V, Blackwell, London: see "existential sentences and expletive there" in Volume II.
- Graffi, G. 2001 200 Years of Syntax. A critical survey, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Moro, A. 1997 The raising of predicates. Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.